Among these are the chinese species ephedra sinica and e. Pdf estimation of genetic variability and population structure in. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. Ephedra californica and ephedra viridis contain pseudoephedrine, but no ephedrine adams jr. When react the raw product from a crude ephedra extraction, you will get a product which contains most methamphetamin and a little amphetamine and. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ephedra. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. Gardner contribution from departments of pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice, college of pharmacy, university of arkansas for medical sciences, 4301 west markham street, slot 522, little. Pdf ephedra geradiana is commonly known as gerards joint fir, used in the indigenous. Pdf stratification and mapping of ephedra gerardiana wall. Aug 05, 2019 the whole ephedra sinica plant has traditionally been used to treat symptoms of bronchial asthma, colds, influenza, allergies, and hives in teas or tinctures. Media in category ephedra the following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total. How to extract ephedrine from the ma huang plant quora.
Ephedra is a chinese shrub which has been used in china for medicinal purposes for several thousand years. General information about ephedra gerardiana epege this website uses cookies our website uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best possible online experience. Even during the time of the roman empire, ephedra was well known and described until it was eventually dropped from medieval european literature jones, 1999. Jennas simple, high yeilding ephedra extraction, stimulants and rhodium ephedra. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra. With passage of the 1994 dietary supplement health and education act, nutritional supplements are no longer subject to the same fda. Ephedra gerardiana aqueous ethanolic extract and fractions. Ephedrine and related compounds are natural constituents of a number of different plant species, especially of the family ephedraceae e. Somlata ephedra gerardiana uses, health benefits, dosage, medicinal properties botanical name. Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form.
Biological source it is obtained from the dried tender stems of the chinese wonder drug ma huang which is being used in the chinese systems of medicine for more than five thousand years. Ephedra gerardiana ephedraceae, occurring in the himalayan ranges, is an important plant species used in tibetan medicine. Apr 15, 2020 ephedra gerardiana in world checklist of selected plant families. Ephedra gerardiana has been similarly employed in indian folk medicine since old times. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine. More recently, the importance of some ephedra species as potential cash crops in india and the united. This ecoregion has not yet been included in the protected area network of the state and is perhaps the most.
Ephedra sinica stapf is the main botanical origin of the chinese herbal drug mahuang, ephedra herb. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. Species on this page a names approved by most authorities, s approved as synonyms. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang as determined by high performance liquid chromatography b. Ephedra gerardiana epegeoverview eppo global database. Somlata ephedra gerardiana uses, health benefits, dosage. The present study was aimed at evaluating the crude extracts of ephedra gerardiana root and stem with different chemicals for antioxidant. Continuing to use this website means you agree to our use of cookies. Ephedra, a shrublike evergreen plant, contains several active alkaloid compounds, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine, also known as norephedrine. The plants of this group are often collectively referred to as ephedra or ma huang mahuang. It is effective when administered orally, and its effects persist for several hours, in contrast to the shorteracting norepinephrine.
It is the source of ephedrine alkaloids and has an extremely long history of use in china. Ephedra ephedra californicaover 50 species of ephedra, or joint fir, can be found growing all around the world. Eca xtreme with 25 mg ephedra extract 90 tablets has long been considered as one of the most popular weight loss products ever. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america. The naked seeds are the features, which places ephedra with the classical group, the gymnosperms. It is used in preparation of medicines that cure cough, bronchitis, asthma and hay fever. It was known not only to the ancient aryans, but also to the persians and the chinese.
It is obtainable from plants of the genus ephedra, particularly the chinese species e. Krishnamurthy t, sharma bk, beri rm 1965 a note on cultivation and utilisation of ephedra gerardiana wall. Cheng, accepted in frps but treated here as a synonym of e. Ephedra containing supplements are banned for sale in the united. Ephedra gerardiana in world checklist of selected plant families. Ephedra profile ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. The record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332937 with original publication details.
Pdf stratification and mapping of ephedra gerardiana. May 18, 2015 the tac is known for the following species. It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in height, with small, yellow flowers followed by round. Besides some ornamental species, an antibiotic, ephedrine is obtained from several species of ephedra, such as e gerardiana, e. Ephedra gerardiana botanischer garten, dresden, germany dsc08778. California ephedra plant provided various benefits for. Ephedra gerardiana, and ephedra viridis are still perfectly legal. Ephedra products claims ephedra products ingredients the science or lack thereof behind ephedra productsand the controversy word on the street about ephedra products the bottom line are overthecounter ephedra products worth a try. Egaee ephedra gerardiana aqueous ethanolic extract, egaf ephedra gerardiana aqueous fraction, egbf ephedra gerardiana nbutanol fraction, egeaf ephedra gerardiana ethyl acetate fraction. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death. Plants profile for ephedra gerardiana gerard jointfir. Estimation of genetic variability and population structure in ephedra. Ephedra use is linked to high blood pressure, heart attacks, muscle disorders, seizures, strokes, irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness, and death.
The microsporophylls are similar to the stamens of the flowering plant. One famous species, ephedra sinica, is the source for the chinese supplement ma huang. Media in category ephedra gerardiana this category contains only the following file. Ephedra can cause severe lifethreatening or disabling conditions in some people. Cheng, ephedra likiangensis florin, ephedra lomatolepis schrenk, e. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major. Soma or haoma juice is extracted from the twigs of the ephedra plant, ephedra vulgaris rich. Pollen morphology of ephedra gnetales and its evolutionary. Chemical constituents of ephedra gerardiana the ratio of ephedrine to dpseudo ephedrine seems to vary in different species, the real value of the herb being det ermined by high ephedrine co ntent. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with. Dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids from herbal sources ephedra are brought to the attention of the cswg as part of an ongoing national institutes of health nih office of dietary supplements ods research initiative on the safety and efficacy of these products.
Our results indicate that the ancestral ephedra pollen type has numerous plicae interspaced by unbranched. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study on the stem of ephedra gerardiana article pdf available january 2015 with 4,250 reads how we measure reads. The chemical compounds isolated from the ephedra species include alka. The pure alkaloid ephedrine was first isolated and characterised by nagai in 1885.
Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in. Ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. Single herb capsules,ayurvedic herbs, raw herbs, essential oils, herbal extracts, natural healing herbs, herbal syrups, ayurvedic syrups, indian ayurvedic medicines, indian ayurvedic products, ayurvedic herbs from india, ayurvedic herbs for men, ayurvedic herbs for women. Ephedra ephedras have been used at least for 5000 years in china, probably elsewhere. Because of adverse events and lack of efficacy, use is not recommended for weight loss or increased athletic performance. Although mahuang was known to the chinese over 5000 years ago and ephedrine was isolated in 1887, it only came into extensive use during the last century. Ephedrine is used for temporary relief of shortness of breath.
Meyer is a research ecologist at the usda forest services rocky mountain research station, shrub sciences laboratory,provo utah table 1ephedra,ephedra. Mey, ephedra regeliana florin, ephedra saxatilis stapf royle ex florin. These side effects might be more likely if ephedra is used in high doses or longterm. Ephedra gerardiana is commonly known as gerards joint fir, used in the indigenous systems as well as in modern systems of medicine. This ephedra extract has been a part of traditional chinese medicine for over 2,000 years in fact, ephedra is one of the oldest plants to be used medicinally by early humans. Meaning, reproduction and economic importance gnetales. Since 2004, ephedra and ephedrine alkaloids, which are central nervous system stimulants, have been banned as a dietary supplement by the u. Ephedra products contain ephedra haulm or extracts of ephedra haulm and their ephedra alkaloid content differs widely.
Ephedra is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the gnetopsida, a subgroup of. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death ma huang has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 5 millennia. The transhimalayan ecoregion extends from 4500 m to 5500m with characteristic cold desert vegetation exclusively restricted to the north of sikkim. Seu uso medicinal esta documentado desde ha cinco mil anos na china, onde esta erva e conhecida pelo nome ma huang. Interestingly, it was only ephedra sinica that was outlawed. Ephedrine is effective in treating asthma, bronchitis, cough and hayfever. We do not use these to store personal information about you. Lamedicca well known for exporters, manufacturers, suppliers, and wholesalers of indian. The ephedra family of plants, most notably species ephedra sinica ma huang, contains nonalkaloid and alkaloid compounds, ephedrine one of the latter. Development of microsatellite markers using illumina miseq.
It has many branched stems, straight branches and minute leaves, reduced to twotoothed sheaths or covering. Health and healing in the religion of zarathushtra the close link between mind and matter the effect the. The actual quantity may also differ considerably from that stated. Effect of eg on mrna expression levels of cox2, il1. Green ephedra is a dioecious, scraggly shrub rarely more than 60 cm to 150 cm high. Beverage made with the ephedra plant have been referred to under many names, e. Abstract 0 nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang, a botanical source of ephedrinetype alkaloids, have been linked to numerous episodes of ephedrine eph toxicity. There came a time when the aryans were no longer able to find the original psychoactive plant known as soma, perhaps because the identity of that plant was being kept secret or had been lost, and so the sacred soma beverage began to be prepared using substitute plants, including e. Ephedra gerardiana in kew science plants of the world online.
Ephedra gerardiana capsules single herb capsules ayurvedic. In 2004, the fda sought to ban the sale of ephedra based supplements, but were sued by a manufacturer of such supplements. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements. Ephedra is a low stalky shrub with jointed green to brown stems and tiny unnoticeable leaves. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. The results showed that samples grown in more arid. This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus ephedra family ephedraceae the record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332937 with original publication details. Ephedra equisetina bunge, ephedra gerardiana wall ex. Members of this genus contain various medicinally active alkaloids but notably ephedrine and they are widely used in preparations for the treatment of asthma and catarrh. The ban was thus temporarily lifted, but was reinstated in 2007.
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